3May, 2024
    Exploring the Power of Python Libraries: A Deep Dive into Pandas

    What is Pandas?

    Pandas is a Python library used for working with data sets.

    It includes functions for analyzing, cleaning, examining, and modifying data.

    The word “Pandas” refers to both “Panel Data” and “Python Data Analysis” and was created by Wes McKinney in 2008.

    Importing Pandas

    • You should be able to import Pandas after installing it
    • We’ll import pandas as its alias name pd
    import pandas as pd
    import numpy as np

    Introduction: Why to use Pandas?

    How is it different from numpy ?
    • The major limitation of numpy is that it can only work with 1 datatype at a time
    • Most real-world datasets contain a mixture of different datatypes
    • Like names of places would be string but their population would be int
      ==> It is difficult to work with data having heterogeneous values using Numpy
      Pandas can work with numbers and strings together
      So lets see how we can use pandas

    Reading dataset in Pandas

    df= pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\welcome\Downloads\dataset1.csv")

    Now how should we read this dataset?
    Pandas makes it very easy to work with these kinds of files 

    df

    Dataframe and Series

    What can we observe from the above dataset ?
    We can see that it has:

    • 6 columns
    • 1704 rows

    what do you think is the datatype of df ?

    type(df)
    Its a pandas DataFrame

    What is a pandas DataFrame ?

    • It is a table-like representation of data in Pandas => Structured Data
    • Structured Data here can be thought of as tabular data in a proper order
    • Considered as counterpart of 2D-Matrix in Numpy

    Now how can we access a column, say country of the dataframe?

    df["country"]
    Now what is the data-type of a column?
    type(df["country"]) 

    pandas.core.series.Series

    Its a pandas Series

    What is a pandas Series ?

    • Series in Pandas is what a Vector is in Numpy

    What exactly does that mean?

    • It means a Series is a single column of data
    • Multiple Series stack together to form a DataFrame

    Now we have understood what Series and DataFrames are

    What if a dataset has 100 rows … Or 100 columns ?

    How can we find the datatype, name, total entries in each column ?

    df.info()

    Now what if we want to see the first few rows in the dataset ?

    df.head()
    We can also pass in number of rows we want to see in head()
    df.head(20)
    Similarly what if we want to see the last 20 rows ?
    df.tail(20) #Similar to head
    How can we find the shape of the dataframe?
    df.shape
    (1704, 6)

    Similar to Numpy, it gives No. of Rows and Columns — Dimensions
    Now we know how to do some basic operations on dataframes

    But what if we aren’t loading a dataset, but want to create our own.
    Let’s take a subset of the original dataset

    df.head(3) # We take the first 3 rows to create our dataframe

    How can we create a DataFrame from scratch?

    Approach 1: Row-oriented
    • It takes 2 arguments – Because DataFrame is 2-dimensional
    • A list of rows
    • Each row is packed in a list []
    • All rows are packed in an outside list [[]] – To pass a list of rows
    • A list of column names/labels
    pd.DataFrame([['Afghanistan',1952, 8425333, 'Asia', 28.801, 779.445314 ],
    ['Afghanistan',1957, 9240934, 'Asia', 30.332, 820.853030 ],
    ['Afghanistan',1962, 102267083, 'Asia', 31.997, 853.100710 ]],
    columns=['country','year','population','continent','life_exp','gdp_cap'])
    Approach 2: Column-oriented
    pd.DataFrame({'country':['Afghanistan', 'Afghanistan'], 'year':[1952,1957],
    'population':[842533, 9240934], 'continent':['Asia', 'Asia'],
    'life_exp':[28.801, 30.332], 'gdp_cap':[779.445314, 820.853030]})

    We pass the data as a dictionary

    • Key is the Column Name/Label
    • Value is the list of values column-wise
    • We now have a basic idea about the dataset and creating rows and columns
      What kind of other operations can we perform on the dataframe?
      Thinking from database perspective:
    • Adding data
    • Removing data
    • Updating/Modifying data
      and so on

    How can we get the names of all these cols ?

    We can do it in two ways:
    1. df.columns
    2. df.keys

    df.columns # using attribute `columns` of dataframe

    Index(['country', 'year', 'population', 'continent', 'life_exp', 'gdp_cap'], dtype='obje
    ct')
    df.keys() # using method keys() of dataframe

    Index(['country', 'year', 'population', 'continent', 'life_exp', 'gdp_cap'], dtype='obje
    ct')

    Note:

    • Here, Index is a type of pandas class used to store the address of the series/dataframe
    • It is an Immutable sequence used for indexing and alignment.
    df['country'].head() # Gives values in Top 5 rows pertaining to the key
    But what is so “special” about this dictionary?

    It can take multiple keys

    df[['country', 'life_exp']].head()

    And what if we pass a single column name?

    df[['country']].head()

    Note:

    Notice how this output type is different from our earlier output using df[‘country’]
    ==> [‘country’] gives series while [[‘country’]] gives dataframe
    Now that we know how to access columns, lets answer some questions

    Now what if you also want to check the count of each country in the dataframe?

    df['country'].value_counts()

    Note:
    value_counts() shows the output in decreasing order of frequency


    What if we want to change the name of a column ?

    We can rename the column by:

    • passing the dictionary with old_name:new_name pair
    • specifying axis=1
    df.rename({"population": "Population", "country":"Country" }, axis = 1)

    Alternatively, we can also rename the column without using axis

    • by using the column parameter
    df.rename(columns={"country":"Country"})

    We can set it inplace by setting the inplace argument = True

    df.rename({"country": "Country"}, axis = 1, inplace = True)
    df

    Note:

    • .rename has default value of axis=0
    • If two columns have the same name, then df[‘column’] will display both columns

    Now lets try another way of accessing column vals

    df.Country

    How can we delete cols in pandas dataframe ?

    df.drop('continent', axis=1)

    The drop function takes two parameters:

    • The column name
    • The axis

    By default the value of axis is 0

    An alternative to the above approach is using the “columns” parameter as we did in rename

    df.drop(columns=['continent'])

    As you can see, column contintent is dropped

    Has the column permanently been deleted?

     df.head()

    NO, the column continent is still there

    Do you see what’s happening here?

    We only got a view of dataframe with column continent dropped

    How can we permanently drop the column?

    We can either re-assign it

    • df = df.drop(‘continent’, axis=1)

                or

    • We can set parameter inplace=True

    By default, inplace=False

    df.drop('continent', axis=1, inplace=True)
    df.head() #we print the head to check

    Now we can see the column continent is permanently dropped

    Now similarly, what if we want to create a new column?

    We can either

    • use values from existing columns

               or

    • create our own values

    How to create a column using values from an existing column?


    df["year+7"] = df["year"] + 7
    df.head()

    As we see, a new column year+7 is created from the column year

    We can also use values from two columns to form a new column

    Which two columns can we use to create a new column gdp ?

    df['gdp']=df['gdp_cap'] * df['population']
    df.head()

    As you can see

    • An additional column has been created
    • Values in this column are product of respective values in gdp_cap and population

    How can we create a new column from our own values?

    • We can create a list

               OR

    • We can create a Pandas Series from a list/numpy array for our new column

    df["Own"] = [i for i in range(1704)] # count of these values should be correct
    df

    Now that we know how to create new cols lets see some basic ops on rows

    Before that lets drop the newly created cols

    df.drop(columns=["Own",'gdp', 'year+7'], axis = 1, inplace = True)
    df

    Working with Rows

    Notice the indexes in bold against each row

    Lets see how can we access these indexes

    df.index.values

    array([ 0, 1, 2, ..., 1701, 1702, 1703], dtype=int64)

    Can we change row labels (like we did for columns)?

    What if we want to start indexing from 1 (instead of 0)?


    df.index = list(range(1, df.shape[0]+1)) # create a list of indexes of same length
    df

    As you can see the indexing is now starting from 1 instead of 0.

    Explicit and Implicit Indices

    What are these row labels/indices exactly ?

    • They can be called identifiers of a particular row
    • Specifically known as explicit indices

    The python style indices are known as implicit indices

    How can we access explicit index of a particular row?

    • Using df.index[]
    • Takes impicit index of row to give its explicit index
     df.index[1] #Implicit index 1 gave explicit index 2 

    2

    But why not use just implicit indexing ?

    Explicit indices can be changed to any value of any datatype

    • Eg: Explicit Index of 1st row can be changed to First
    • Or, something like a floating point value, say 1.0
    df.index = np.arange(1, df.shape[0]+1, dtype='float')
    df

    As we can see, the indices are floating point values now

    Now to understand string indices, let’s take a small subset of our original dataframe

    sample = df.head()
    sample

    Now what if we want to use string indices?

    sample.index = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
    sample

    This shows us we can use almost anything as our explicit index

    Now let’s reset our indices back to integers

    df.index = np.arange(1, df.shape[0]+1, dtype='int')

    What if we want to access any particular row (say first row)?

    Let’s first see for one column

    Later, we can generalise the same for the entire dataframe

    ser = df["Country"]
    ser.head(20)

    We can simply use its indices much like we do in a numpy array

    So, how will be then access the thirteenth element (or say thirteenth row)?

    ser[12] 

    'Afghanistan'
    And what about accessing a subset of rows (say 6th:15th) ?
    ser[5:15]

    This is known as slicing

    Notice something different though?

    • Indexing in Series used explicit indices
    • Slicing however used implicit indices

    How can we access a slice of rows in the dataframe?

    df[5:15]
    • Woah, so the slicing works
      ===> Indexing in dataframe looks only for explicit indices \ ===> Slicing, however, checked for implicit
      indices
    • This can be a cause for confusion
    • To avoid this pandas provides special indexers, loc and iloc
    • We will look at these in a bit Lets look at them one by one

    loc and iloc

    1. loc

    Allows indexing and slicing that always references the explicit index

    df.loc[1]
    Country                       Afghanistan
    year                                 1952
    population                        8425333
    life_ex                            28.801
    gdp_cap                        779.445314
    Name:    1, dtype: object
    df.loc[1:3]

    Did you notice something strange here?

    • The range is inclusive of end point for loc
    • Row with Label 3 is included in the result

     

    2. iloc

    Allows indexing and slicing that always references the implicit Python-style index

    df.iloc[1]
    Country        Afghanistan
    year                  1957
    population         9240934
    life_exp            30.332
    gdp_cap          820.85303
    Name: 2, dtype: object
    Now will iloc also consider the range inclusive?
    df.iloc[0:2]

    iloc works with implicit Python-style indices

    It is important to know about these conceptual differences

    Not just b/w loc and iloc , but in general while working in DS and ML

    Which one should we use ?

    • Generally explicit indexing is considered to be better than implicit
    • But it is recommended to always use both loc and iloc to avoid any confusions

     

    What if we want to access multiple non-consecutive rows at same time ?

    For eg: rows 1, 10, 100

    df.iloc[[1, 10, 100]]

    As we see, We can just pack the indices in [] and pass it in loc or iloc

    What about negative index?

    Which would work between iloc and loc ?

     df.iloc[-1]
    # Works and gives last row in dataframe
    Country         Zimbabwe
    year                2007
    population      12311143
    life_exp          43.487
    gdp_cap       469.709298
    Name: 1704, dtype: object
    df.loc[-1]
    # Does NOT work

    So, why did iloc[-1] worked, but loc[-1] didn’t?

    • Because iloc works with positional indices, while loc with assigned labels
    • [-1] here points to the row at last position in iloc

     

    Can we use one of the columns as row index?

    temp = df.set_index("Country")
    temp

    Now what would the row corresponding to index Afghanistan give?

    temp.loc['Afghanistan']

    As you can see we got the rows all having index Afghanistan

    Now how can we reset our indices back to integers?

    df.reset_index()

    Notice it’s creating a new column index

    How can we reset our index without creating this new column?

    df.reset_index(drop=True) # By using drop=True we can prevent creation of a new column

    Great, now let’s do this in place

    df.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)

    Now how can we add a row to our dataframe?

    There are multiple ways to do this:

    • append()
    • loc/iloc

     

    How can we do add a row using the append() method?

    new_row = {'Country': 'India', 'year': 2000,'life_exp':37.08,'population':13500000,'gdp_
    df.append(new_row)

    Why are we getting an error here?

    Its’ saying the ignore_index() parameter needs to be set to True


    new_row = {'Country': 'India', 'year': 2000,'life_exp':37.08,'population':13500000,'gdp_
    df = df.append(new_row, ignore_index=True)
    df

    What you can infer from last two duplicate rows ?

    Dataframe allow us to feed duplicate rows in the data

    Now, can we also use iloc?

    Adding a row at a specific index position will replace the existing row at that position.


    df.iloc[len(df.index)-1] = ['India', 2000,13500000,37.08,900.23]
    df

    Now what if we want to delete a row ?

    Use df.drop()

    If you remember we specified axis=1 for columns
    We can modify this for rows

    • We can use axis=0 for rows

    Does drop() method uses positional indices or labels?

    What do you think by looking at code for deleting column?

    • We had to specify column title
    • So drop() uses labels, NOT positional indices

    # Let's drop row with label 3
    df = df.drop(3, axis=0)
    df

    Now we see that row with label 3 is deleted

    We now have rows with labels 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, …

    Now df.loc[4] and df.iloc[4] will give different rows

    df.loc[4] # The 4th row is printed
    Country        Afghanistan
    year                 1972
    population       13079460
    life_exp           36.088
    gdp_cap       739.981106
    Name: 4, dtype: object 
    df.iloc[4] # The 5th row is printed
    Country        Afghanistan
    year                  1977
    population         14880372
    life_exp             38.438
    gdp_cap            786.11336
    Name: 5, dtype: object

    And hww can we drop multiple rows?

    df.drop([1, 2, 4], axis=0) # drops rows with labels 1, 2, 4

    Let’s reset our indices now

    df.reset_index(drop=True,inplace=True)

    Now if you remember, the last two rows were duplicates.

    How can we deal with these duplicate rows?

    Let’s create some more duplicate rows to understand this


    df.loc[len(df.index)] = ['India',2000,13500000,37.08,900.23]
    df.loc[len(df.index)] = ['Sri Lanka',2022 ,130000000,80.00,500.00]
    df.loc[len(df.index)] = ['Sri Lanka',2022 ,130000000,80.00,500.00]
    df.loc[len(df.index)] = ['India',2000 ,13500000,80.00,900.23]
    df
    The Ultimate Data Science Career Guide

    Now how can we check for duplicate rows?

    Use duplicated() method on the DataFrame

    df.duplicated()
    0         False
    1          False
    2         False
    3         False
    4         False
    ... 
    1703       False
    1704       True
    1705       False
    1706       True
    1707        False
    Length: 1708, dtype: bool

    It outputs True if an entire row is identical to a previous row.

    However, it is not practical to see a list of True and False

    We can Pandas loc data selector to extract those duplicate rows


    # Extract duplicate rows
    df.loc[df.duplicated()]

    Working with Rows and Columns together

    How can we slice the dataframe into, say, first 4 rows and first 3 columns?

    We can use iloc

    df.iloc[1:5, 1:4]

    Pass in 2 different ranges for slicing – one for row and one for column just like Numpy
    Recall, iloc doesn’t include the end index while slicing

    We can mention ranges using column labels as well in loc
    df.loc[1:5, 'year':'population']
    How can we get specific rows and columns?
    df.iloc[[0,10,100], [0,2,3]]

    We pass in those specific indices packed in []

    Can we do step slicing?

    Yes, just like we did in Numpy

    df.iloc[1:10:2]
    Does step slicing work for loc too?
    df.loc[1:10:2]

    Pandas built-in operation

    Let’s select the feature ‘life_exp‘

    le = df['life_exp']
    le
    How can we find the mean of the col life_exp ?
     le.mean()
    => 59.499171358313774

    What other operations can we do?

    • sum()
    • count()
    • min()
    • max()

    … and so on

    Note:
    We can see more methods by pressing “tab” after le.

       le.sum()
    => 101624.58468
      le.count()
    =>1708
    What will happen we get if we divide sum() by count() ?
       le.sum() / le.count()
    => 59.499171358313816

    It gives the mean of life expectancy

    Sorting

    If you notice, life_exp col is not sorted

    How can we perform sorting in pandas ?

    df.sort_values(['life_exp'])

    Rows get sorted based on values in life_exp column

    By default, values are sorted in ascending order

    How can we sort the rows in descending order?

    df.sort_values(['life_exp'], ascending=False)

    Now the rows are sorted in descending

    Can we do sorting on multiple columns?

    df.sort_values(['year', 'life_exp'])

    What exactly happened here?

    • Rows were first sorted based on ‘year‘
    • Then, rows with same values of ‘year’ were sorted based on ‘lifeExp‘

    This way, we can do multi-level sorting of our data?

    How can we have different sorting orders for different columns in multi-level sorting?

    df.sort_values(['year', 'life_exp'], ascending=[False, True])

    Just pack True and False for respective columns in a list []

    Concatenating DataFrames

    Let’s use a mini use-case of users and messages

    users –> Stores the user details – IDs and Names of users

    users = pd.DataFrame({"userid":[1, 2, 3], "name":["kiran", "alok", "vikas"]})
    users

    msgs –> Stores the messages users have sent – User IDs and messages

    msgs = pd.DataFrame({"userid":[1, 1, 2, 4], "msg":['ok', "thik", "wow", "hmm"]})
    msgs

    Can we combine these 2 DataFrames to form a single DataFrame?

    pd.concat([users, msgs])

    How exactly did concat work?

    • By default, axis=0 (row-wise) for concatenation
    • userid , being same in both DataFrames, was combined into a single column
    1. First values of users dataframe were placed, with values of column msg as NaN
    2. Then values of msgs dataframe were placed, with values of column msg as NaN
    • The original indices of the rows were preserved

     

    Now how can we make the indices unique for each row?

    pd.concat([users, msgs], ignore_index = True)

    How can we concatenate them horizontally?

    pd.concat([users, msgs], axis=1)

    As you can see here:

    • Both the dataframes are combined horizontally (column-wise)
    • It gives 2 columns with different positional (implicit) index, but same label

    Merging Dataframes

    So far we have only concatenated and not merged data

    But what is the difference between concat and merge ?

    • concat

    simply stacks multiple DataFrame together along an axis

    • merge

    combines dataframes in a smart way based on values in shared columns

    How can we know the name of the person who sent a particular message?

    We need information from both the dataframes

    So can we use pd.concat() for combining the dataframes ?

    NO

    pd.concat([users, msgs], axis=1)

    What are the problems with concat here?

    • concat simply combined/stacked the dataframe horizontally
    • If you notice, userid 3 for user dataframe is stacked against userid 2 for msg dataframe
    • This way of stacking doesn’t help us gain any insights

    => pd.concat() does not work according to the values in the columns

    We need to merge the data

    How can we join the dataframes ?

    users.merge(msgs, on="userid")

    Notice that users has a userid = 3 but msgs does not

    • When we merge these dataframes the userid = 3 is not included
    • Similarly, userid = 4 is not present in users , and thus not included
    • Only the userid common in both dataframes is shown

    What type of join is this?

    Inner Join

    Remember joins from SQL?

    The on parameter specifies the key , similar to primary key in SQL

    Now what join we want to use to get info of all the users and all the messages?

     users.merge(msgs, on = "userid", how="outer")

    Note:

    All missing values are replaced with NaN

    And what if we want the info of all the users in the dataframe?

    users.merge(msgs, on = "userid",how="left")

    what if we want all the messages and info only for the users who sent a message?

    users.merge(msgs, on = "userid", how="right")

    Note,

    NaN in name can be thought of as an anonymous message

    But sometimes the column names might be different even if they contain the same data

    Let’s rename our users column userid to id

    users.rename(columns = {"userid": "id"}, inplace = True)
    users

    how can we merge the 2 dataframes when the key has a different name ?

     users.merge(msgs, left_on="id", right_on="userid")

    Here,

    • left_on : Specifies the key of the 1st dataframe (users here)
    • right_on : Specifies the key of the 2nd dataframe (msgs here)
    Data Analytics Insight The Magic of groupby in Pandas in Python
    30Oct, 2023
    Data Analytics Insight: The Magic of groupby in Pandas in Python

    Introduction

    Data analytics is a vital component of modern businesses and research. Python, with its powerful libraries like Pandas, has become a go-to tool for data analysts and scientists. In this blog, we will delve into one of the most powerful and versatile features of Pandas: the GroupBy operation. GroupBy is a fundamental tool for data aggregation, transformation, and exploration. We will explore the magic of GroupBy in Pandas and how it can help you gain valuable insights from your data.

    What is GroupBy?

    GroupBy in Pandas is similar to the SQL GROUP BY statement. It allows you to group data based on one or more columns, enabling you to perform operations on these groups separately. This functionality is invaluable when dealing with large datasets, as it simplifies data summarization and analysis.

    GroupBy is a fundamental operation in data analysis and is a feature commonly found in data manipulation libraries like Pandas in Python, as well as in database systems like SQL. It allows you to group rows of data based on the values in one or more columns, and then perform various operations within each group.

    Here’s a breakdown of how GroupBy works:

    Grouping: You start by specifying one or more columns by which you want to group your data. These columns contain categorical data, and rows with the same values in these columns are grouped together. Think of it as if you’re partitioning your dataset into smaller, separate subsets.

    Aggregation: Once the data is grouped, you can apply aggregation functions to these groups. Aggregation functions perform calculations on each group separately, such as sum, mean, median, count, etc. The result is a summary statistic or a reduced representation of each group.

    Transformation: You can also transform the data within each group. This means applying a function to each group that can modify the data within the group. For instance, you could standardize the values within each group or replace missing data with the group’s mean.

    Filtering: GroupBy allows you to filter groups based on some condition. For example, you could filter out groups that don’t meet a certain criteria, like groups with a total sum above a certain threshold.

    Iteration: You can iterate over the groups, which is useful if you want to perform custom operations for each group.

    GroupBy is an essential tool in data analysis, as it enables you to gain insights from your data by exploring patterns and summarizing information within subgroups. It’s especially useful when dealing with large datasets and is widely used in a variety of domains, including business analysis, scientific research, and machine learnin

    The GroupBy operation in Python,

    Step 1: Import the Required Library

    First, make sure you have Pandas installed. If not, you can install it using pip:

    pip install pandas

    Then, import Pandas in your Python script:

    import pandas as pd

    import pandas as pd

    Step 2: Create a DataFrame

    Create a DataFrame

    with your data. In this example, we’ll use a simple dictionary to create a DataFrame:

    data = {
    'Category': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'A', 'C'],
    'Value': [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35]
}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

    Step 3: Grouping by a Column

    Use the groupby method to group the data based on a specific column. In this case, we’ll group the data by the ‘Category’ column:

    grouped = df.groupby('Category')

    Step 4: Aggregation or Transformation

    You can apply various operations to the groups. Let’s calculate the sum of the ‘Value’ within each group:

    result = grouped['Value'].sum()

    The result will contain the sum of ‘Value’ for each unique category in the ‘Category’ column.

    Step 5: Viewing the Results

    print(result)

    Output

    Category
A    60
B    40
C    35
Name: Value, dtype: int64

    This output shows the result of grouping and summing the ‘Value’ column based on the ‘Category’ column. It displays the sum of ‘Value’ for each unique category in the ‘Category’ column. In this example:

    The sum of ‘Value’ for category ‘A’ is 60.
    The sum of ‘Value’ for category ‘B’ is 40.
    The sum of ‘Value’ for category ‘C’ is 35.
    This is a simple illustration of how the GroupBy operation works in Pandas, allowing you to perform aggregation operations on groups within your dataset.

    Example of Group By

    dataset 
    import pandas as pd

# Load the data from the Excel file
df = pd.read_excel('E:\DATA ANALYTICS\DATASET.xlsx')  # Replace 'sample_data.xlsx' with the actual filename

print(df)

    This line of Python code is using the Pandas library to read data from an Excel file named ‘DATASET.xlsx’ located at the file path ‘E:/DATA ANALYTICS/’.

    Here’s a breakdown of the line:

    df:

    This is a variable name used to store the data that will be read from the Excel file. You can choose any valid variable name you prefer.

    pd:

    This is an alias for the Pandas library. Pandas is a popular data manipulation library in Python.

    read_excel():

    This is a Pandas function that reads data from an Excel file.

    ‘E:/DATA ANALYTICS/DATASET.xlsx’: This is the file path to the Excel file you want to read. In Python, you can use either double backslashes (\\) or a single forward slash (/) to specify the file path. In this case, the file ‘DATASET.xlsx’ is expected to be located in the ‘E:/DATA ANALYTICS/’ directory.

    So, when you run this line of code, it will read the data from the Excel file and store it in the variable df, allowing you to work with the data in your Python program using Pandas functions and method

    print(df.info())

    • The line of code print(df.info()) in Python, when applied to a Pandas DataFrame, provides a concise summary of the DataFrame’s structure and content. Here’s what this code does:
    • df is assumed to be a Pandas DataFrame, and you want to inspect its information.
    • info() is a Pandas DataFrame method that generates a summary of the DataFrame’s metadata, including:
    • The number of non-null (non-missing) values in each column.
    • The data type of each column (e.g., int64, float64, object).
    • The total memory usage of the DataFrame.
    • print() is used to display the information summary on the console or output.

    When you run print(df.info()), it will display something like:

    Groupby department 

    mean_Department_salary = df.groupby('Department')['Salary'].mean()
median_Department_salary=df.groupby('Department')['Salary'].median()
std_Department_salary=df.groupby('Department')['Salary'].std()
print(mean_Department_salary)
print(median_Department_salary)
print(std_Department_salary)

    In the provided code, you are using Pandas to calculate various statistics related to salaries within different departments of your DataFrame. Let’s break down the code:

    mean_Department_salary:
    • df.groupby(‘Department’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame df by the ‘Department’ column and selects the ‘Salary’ column.
    • .mean() calculates the mean (average) salary within each department.
      This code computes the mean salary for each department and stores the results in the mean_Department_salary Series.

    median_Department_salary:
    • Similar to the first line, df.groupby(‘Department’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame by department and selects salaries.
      .median() calculates the median salary within each department.
      The results are stored in the median_Department_salary Series.

    std_Department_salary:
    • Once again, df.groupby(‘Department’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame by department and selects salaries.
      .std() computes the standard deviation of salaries within each department.
      The results are stored in the std_Department_salary Series.
    Finally, you print the results:
    • print(mean_Department_salary) will display the mean salary for each department.
    • print(median_Department_salary) will display the median salary for each department.
    • print(std_Department_salary) will display the standard deviation of salaries for each department.


    These statistics help you understand the distribution of salaries within different departments, providing insights into the central tendency (mean and median) and the variation (standard deviation) in salary data.

    mean_gender_salary = df.groupby('Gender')['Salary'].mean()
median_Gender_salary=df.groupby('Gender')['Salary'].median()
std_Gender_salary=df.groupby('Gender')['Salary'].std()
print(mean_gender_salary)
print(median_Gender_salary)
print(std_Gender_salary)

    mean_gender_salary:

    • df.groupby(‘Gender’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame df by the ‘Gender’ column and selects the ‘Salary’ column.
    • .mean() calculates the mean (average) salary within each gender group.
    • This code computes the mean salary for each gender group and stores the results in the mean_gender_salary Series.

    median_Gender_salary:

    • Similar to the first line, df.groupby(‘Gender’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame by gender and selects salaries.
    • .median() calculates the median salary within each gender group.
      The results are stored in the median_Gender_salary Series.

    std_Gender_salary:

    • Once again, df.groupby(‘Gender’)[‘Salary’] groups the DataFrame by gender and selects salaries.
    • .std() computes the standard deviation of salaries within each gender group.
    • The results are stored in the std_Gender_salary Series.

    Finally, you print the results:

    • print(mean_gender_salary) will display the mean salary for each gender group.
    • print(median_Gender_salary) will display the median salary for each gender group.
    • print(std_Gender_salary) will display the standard deviation of salaries for each gender group.
    • These statistics help you understand the distribution of salaries within different gender groups, providing insights into the central tendency (mean and median) and the variation (standard deviation) in salary data, with respect to gender.

    Creating Bins in Pandas DataFrame and Exploring Statistics

    print(df['Age'].max())
print(df['Age'].min())
# Define the bins for age
age_bins = [20, 25, 30, 35, 40]

# Create a new column for the age bins
df['Age_Bin'] = pd.cut(df['Age'], bins=age_bins, labels=['20-25', '26-30', '31-35', '36-40'])
print(df['Age_Bin'])
    • print(df[‘Age’].max()): This line of code calculates and prints the maximum value in the ‘Age’ column of your DataFrame (‘df’). It finds the highest age among all the individuals in your dataset.
    • print(df[‘Age’].min()): This line of code calculates and prints the minimum value in the ‘Age’ column of your DataFrame. It finds the lowest age among all the individuals in your dataset.
    • age_bins = [20, 25, 30, 35, 40]: This line defines the bin boundaries for age. It specifies the age ranges for which you want to create bins. In this case, you’ve defined four bins: 20-25, 26-30, 31-35, and 36-40.
    • df[‘Age_Bin’] = pd.cut(df[‘Age’], bins=age_bins, labels=[’20-25′, ’26-30′, ’31-35′, ’36-40′]): This line of code creates a new column in your DataFrame called ‘Age_Bin’. It uses the pd.cut function to bin the ‘Age’ column based on the defined ‘age_bins’ and assigns labels to the bins.
    • df[‘Age’] is the source column containing individual ages.
      bins=age_bins specifies the bin boundaries you defined earlier.
      labels=[’20-25′, ’26-30′, ’31-35′, ’36-40′] assigns labels to the bins. These labels correspond to the age ranges you defined in the ‘age_bins’ list.
    • print(df[‘Age_Bin’]): This line prints the ‘Age_Bin’ column to the console, displaying the newly created age bins for each individual in your DataFrame. Each row in the ‘Age_Bin’ column will contain the age range label corresponding to the age of the respective individual.
    Mean_Age_salary = df.groupby('Age_Bin')['Salary'].mean()
mode_Age_salary = df.groupby('Age_Bin')['Salary'].median()
print(Mean_Age_salary)
print(mode_Age_salary)