All Financial Ratio Analysis in Accountancy

Ratio Analysis in Accountancy and its types

What is Ratio Analysis ?

This is a branch of accountancy which deals exclusively with the relations between the various items in the Final Accounts of a concern .Thus it is the process of determining and interpreting numerical relationship between figures of the financial statement.

A ratio is simply one number expressed in terms of another numbers”.

In accounting language it is called Accounting ratios. The accounting ratio are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between two accounting figures which have meaningful relation with each other.

There ratio deals deal with the relationship  between two item appear in the balance sheet or appearing in the trading and profit and loss accounts.

Types of Ratio

LIQUIDITY RATIO

  1. CURRENT RATIO OR WORKING CAPITAL RATIO
    1. LIQUID RATIO OR QUICK RATIO OR ACID TEST RATIO

SOLVANCY RATIO

  1. DEBT EQUITY RATIO
  2. PROPERITARY RATIO
  3. CAPITAL GEARING RATIO

 PROFITABILITY  OR INCOME RATIOS

  1. GOOD PROIFT RATIO
  2. NET PROFIT RATIO
  3. OPERATING RATIO
  4. EXPENENSE RATIO
  5. RETURN ON INVESTMENT RATIO ROI
  6. RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO ROE
  7. EARNING ON DIVIDEND PER SHARE

ACTIVITY OR EFFICIENCY RATIO

  1. STOCK OR INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
  2. STOCK VELOCITY OR AVERAGE AGE OF INVENTORY
  3. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO
  4. AVERAGE COLLECTION PEROID OR DEBTORS VELOCIY
  5. CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO
  6. AVERAGE PAYMENT PERIOD OR CREDITOR VELOCITY 

LIQUIDITY RATIO

Current ratio :

It shows the relation between current assets and current liabilities .

It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities.

current ratio = current assets / current liabilities.

A current ratio of 2:1 is generally considered to be acceptable .If the current ratio is more than 2: 1 it is beneficial to the short term creditors .If the current ratio is less than 2:1 it indicated lack of liquidity.

Current ratio Example :

Sundry Debtors

2,00,000

Cash in hand

10,000

Prepaid expenses

30,000

Short term investment

7,000

Machinery

70,000

Bills payable

40,000

Sundry creditors

20,000

Debenture

100,000

Stock

40,000

Expense payable

4,000

 

 

 

Answer :

current ratio = current assets / current liabilities.

Current assets =sundry debenture +prepaid expenses + cash in hand + short term investment + stock

= 200,000+30,000+10,000+7,000+40,000

Current liabilities

= bills payable + sundry creditors + expense payable +

=40,000+20,000+4000

 

= 287,000   = 2.87

   100000

A healthy ratio with liquidity of working capital.

 

Liquid ratio or quick Ratio or Acid test Ratio

\Liquid ratio is relationship between liquid assets and current liabilities or immediate liabilities .

It shows the liquidity position of a business enterprise.

Its ability of company to convert current assets into cash.

formula of Liquid ratio :

Quick Or Quick or Acid Test Ratio = Liquid Assets  /Liquid Liabilities.

Liquid Assets means current Assets Minus Inventory or stock and Prepaid expenses.

Liquid Liabilities means current Liabilities Minus overdraft.

 

 

Liquid ratio Example 

Cash

29000

Debtors

5000

Bills receivable

15000

Marketable security

5000

Stock

50000

Prepaid expenses

1000

Sundry creditors

30000

Bills payable

15000

Outstanding expenses

10000

 

Liquid assets = current assets – stock – prepaid expense

105000-51,000

= 54000

 

Current liabilities = 55,000

Quick ratio = liquid assets

                      Current liabilities

 

 

= 54,000

    55,000

 

=.98

Ideal ratio is 1: 1 here it is less than 1 therefore real liquidity position not in good position.

SOLVANCY RATIO

These ratio analysis ability of firm to pay off its long term liabilities.

Debts Equity Ratio:

Debts Equity ratio indicates the relationship between long term debts and equity .In other words, the debt-to-equity ratio tells you how much debt a company uses to finance its operations.

Debt Equity Ratio = Long terms Debtors or Long Terms Loan/ Shareholders funds or Net Worth

Generally, a good debt-to-equity ratio is anything lower than 1.0. A ratio of 2.0 or higher is usually considered risky. If a debt-to-equity ratio is negative, it means that the company has more liabilities than assets—this company would be considered extremely risky.

Debts refers to all long terms liabilities having maturity after one year. It includes debentures public deposit and long term loan from bank and financial institution.

  • Equity also called shareholder fund or net worth denote the sum of preference share capital equity share capital, reserve, general reserve ,security premium other reserves and credit balance of profit and loss account etc. but miscellaneous expense such as preliminary expenses share issue expenses discount on issue of share /debenture ,underwriter commission etc. and debit balance of profit need to be deducted.

Example

100% preference share capital

1,00,000

Equity share capital

2,00,000

Capital reserve

20,000

Profit and loss account

45,000

Debenture redemption fund

15,000

14% debenture

1,00,000

12% Govt Loan

3,00,000

Current liabilities

92,000

Debt to equity ratio = Long term debts

                                         Shareholders’ funds

Long term debts = debenture + govt. Loan

                               = 1,00,000 + 3,00,000 = 4,00,000

Shareholders’ funds = preference share capital + equity share capital + capital reserve + P/L accounts + debenture redemption fund

= 1,00,000+ 2,00,000+ 20,0000 +45,000+15,000 = Rs. 380,000

Debt to equity ratio = 4,00,000   = 1.053:1

                                        380,000

It means debts are 1.53 twice of equity

Proprietary Ratio :

The proprietary ratio (also known as the equity ratio) is the proportion of shareholders’ equity to total assets, and as such provides a rough estimate of the amount of capitalization currently used to support a business.

Proprietary ratio =Equity or shareholder ‘funds / Total assets

This ratio is quite significant for the creditors of business .Normally this ratio should be less than 67% .The higher the ratio the more profitable it is for the creditors and less management have to depends upon outside funds.

Example Proprietary ratio

Equity share capital

75,000

Reserves and surplus

20,000

Debenture

40,000

Loan from bank

30,000

Current liabilities

15,000

Fixed Assets

82,000

Good will

48,000

Current assets

50,000

 

 

Proprietary ratio = Equity or shareholders’ Fund

                                      Total Assets

 

Shareholders’ fund = 75,000 (Capital) + 20,000 (Reserve)= Rs 95,000

Total assets = 82,000 (Fixed Assets)+ 48,000 Goodwill + 50,000(current assets)

= Rs.1,80,000

 

Proprietary ratio =  95,000           = .53:1

                                   1,80,000

 

 

Less than 67% therefore not good for crediors

 

                                        

 

Capital Gearing Ratio

With the help of this ratio relationship between fixed cost bearing funds and variable cost bearing funds is established ,
capital
Gearing Ratio = Fixed cost bearing funds / Variable Cost bearing fund
 
If fixed cost Bearing funds are more than equity shareholders funds it will be called high capital gearing.
  • Fixed cost bearing funds includes preference share , debenture , and long term loans because divided and interest are paid at fixed rate on them.
  • Variable cost bearing funds include equity share capital  and reserve and surplus but miscellaneous expenditure and debit balance of profit and loss should be ignored. Also known as Share holder funds.

PROFITABILITY  OR INCOME RATIOS

Profitability ratio is used to evaluate the company’s ability to generate income as compared to its expenses and other cost associated with the generation of income during a particular period.

Gross Profit (GP) ratio

Gross Profit (GP) ratio is a measure that shows the relationship between the Gross Profit earned by an entity and the Net Sales of the company.

Gross profit ratio is a profitability measure that is calculated as the ratio of Gross Profit (GP) to Net Sales and therefore shows how much profit the company generates after deducting its cost of revenues.

Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
Net Sales = Sales – Return Inwards
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases*- Closing Stock + Any Direct Expenses Incurred.

Formula 

Gross profit ratio = Gross Profit /Net sales X 100

Net profit Ratio

The net profit percentage is the ratio of after-tax profits to net sales. It reveals the remaining profit after all costs of production, administration, and financing have been deducted from sales, and income taxes recognized. As such, it is one of the best measures of the overall results of a firm, especially when combined with an evaluation of how well it is using its working capital.

Net profit ratio = (Net profit /Net sales) x 100

Operating Profit Ratio

Operating Profit Margin is a profitability or performance ratio that reflects the percentage of profit a company produces from its operations, prior to subtracting taxes and interest charges. It is calculated by dividing the operating profit by total revenue.

Operating Profit ratio = Operating Profit / Net sales X 100

Operating profit =sales – cost of goods sold -operating expenses – depreciation .

Operating Ratio 

This ratio explains the relationship between cost of goods sold and operating expenses on the one hand and net sales  on the other .The formula is 

Operating Ratio : Cost of Goods sold + operating expense /Net Sales X 100

Expenses Ratio 

Those ratio are complimentary to the operating ratio. This is the ratio of operating profit to net sales.

Operating profit ratio = operating profit / Net sales X 100

Operating profit = Gross profit – Administration expense – office (financial expenses – Selling and distribution expense.

Return on investment (ROI)

Return on investment (ROI) is calculated by dividing the profit earned on an investment by the cost of that investment. For instance, an investment with a profit of $100 and a cost of $100 would have a ROI of 1, or 100% when expressed as a percentage.
ROI=
Cost of Investment /Net Return on Investment ×100%

Return on Equity (ROE)

Return on Equity (ROE) is the measure of a company’s annual return (net income) divided by the value of its total shareholders’ equity, expressed as a percentage

ROE = Net Income / Shareholders’ Equity

Earning on dividend per share ratio

DPS can be calculated using the formula: DPS = (total dividends paid out over a period – any special dividends) ÷ (shares outstanding). For example, suppose company XYZ paid 1 million in dividends to its preferred shareholders last year, none of which were special dividends.

ACTIVITY OR EFFICIENCY RATIO

Efficiency ratios, also known as activity ratios, are used by analysts to measure the performance of a company’s short-term or current performance.

STOCK OR INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

This ratio shows the relationship between cost of goods sold during  a given period and average stock carried during the period .Thus stock turnover is the number of times obtained by dividing the cost of goods sold by average stock.

Stock Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average stock

Calculation of Cos of Goods Sold 

  • Cost of Goods sold = operating stock + purchases + Direct Expenses (Carriage ,wages ,Freight etc ) – Closing Stock 
  • Cost of Goods sold = Net Sales – Gross Profit 
  • Average Stock = Opening Stock + Closing Stock /2

STOCK VELOCITY OR AVERAGE AGE OF INVENTORY

Inventory turnover ratio can also be converted into number of days it is days it known as average age of inventory or stock velocity.

Average Age  of Inventory = 36 days / 12 month/52 weeks / Inventory Turnover ratio

this ratio indicates the rate of at which stock are converted into sales. The higher the ratio the better it is for the business since it means that stock is being sold quickly.

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO

This indicates the number of times average debtors have been converted into cash during a year. This is also referred to as the efficiency ratio that measures the company’s ability to collect revenue.

The debtor days ratio calculation is done by dividing the average accounts receivables. It appears as a current asset in the corporate balance sheet. read more by the annual total sales and multiplied by 365 days

Debtors Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales/Average Account Receivable.

 

AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD OR DEBTORS VELOCITY


The average collection period is calculated by dividing the average balance of accounts receivable by total net credit sales for the period and multiplying the quotient by the number of days in the period

 

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